What is 镄?
镄 (symbol Fm) is element 100 on the periodic table, a 锕系元素 in period 7. The heaviest element that can be made in weighable amounts by neutron bombardment. At room temperature it is expected to be a solid, and it is radioactive.
结构
这不是环上点阵的示意图,而是对每个已占据子层实际概率密度|ψ|²进行蒙特卡洛采样的结果。拖动即可旋转。蓝色和紫色表示波函数的相反符号,这正是成键成为可能的原因。
测量值
每个条形图都显示镄在全部118种元素中该性质的排名位置。
来源:IUPAC 2021 标准原子量 ·《CRC 化学与物理手册》· NIST。标有 ~ 的数值是预测值,而非测量值。
按比例显示的大小
Radius 245 pm — that is 0.245 nm, so about 2041 million of them side by side would span a millimetre.
热范围
镄在1800 K熔化;其沸点尚未测得。
故事
The heaviest element that can be made in weighable amounts by neutron bombardment.
镄于1952年末通过分析第一枚氢弹试验产生的碎片被发现,这一发现标志着一个戏剧性的时刻:核武器的毁灭性力量意外地推动了人类知识的前沿。
这一发现是在分析“Ivy Mike”热核试验碎片时取得的:
这项发现涉及多个著名机构的科学家:
鉴定镄需要极其强大的分析能力:
由于核武器安全问题,这一发现被列为机密达三年之久:
该元素以历史上最伟大的物理学家之一的名字命名:
科学家很快开始在受控条件下合成镄:
镄的发现代表了多项科学突破:
这一发现产生了深远影响:
应用
镄代表了核科学的绝对前沿,是人类探索物质极限以及束缚原子核的基本力的关键里程碑。
镄在推动超重元素科学发展方面发挥着关键作用:
尽管研究对象一次只有一个原子,镄的研究仍能提供独特的认识:
镄是理解以下内容的出色教学工具:
镄的研究推动尖端技术创新:
镄的研究涉及以下基本问题:
镄的研究有助于理解:
镄的研究为以下方向打开了道路:
镄完全没有商业、工业或实际应用。它只存在于最先进的核研究实验室中,一次仅研究少数几个原子。
极端限制:镄研究受到以下因素制约:
来源
0 mg/kg of Earth's crust · more abundant than 0% of elements
镄在自然界中不存在,必须通过人类现有的最先进核技术合成。它代表了人工合成元素技术的绝对顶峰。
镄最初是在热核武器试验的残骸中生成的:
高通量反应堆生产:当前的合成需要世界上最强大的中子源:
生成镄面临前所未有的技术障碍:
全球只有三个设施曾经生成过镄:
分离镄需要采取非同寻常的措施:
镄研究面临极大的时间压力:
科学成就:生成镄代表了人类最伟大的技术成就之一,需要协调世界上最先进的核设施及其专业知识。
处理
镄 具有放射性。 It has no stable isotope — every nucleus decays. 处理时需要适当的屏蔽和许可。
绝对最高危险:镄是人类已知的最危险物质之一。所有同位素都具有极强的放射性,并通过多种衰变模式造成极端健康风险。
镄事故会触发最高级别的应急规程:
严峻现实:镄的危险性极高,即使是世界顶尖的核科学家,也一次只能处理单个原子。一微克镄就会对附近任何人造成致命的辐射危害。
快速回答
镄 (symbol Fm) is element 100 on the periodic table, a 锕系元素 in period 7. The heaviest element that can be made in weighable amounts by neutron bombardment. At room temperature it is expected to be a solid, and it is radioactive.
[Rn] 5f¹² 7s², giving 7 occupied shells holding 2, 8, 18, 32, 30, 8, 2 electrons respectively.No sample of 镄 has ever been condensed, so both figures are calculated rather than measured: it is predicted to melt at 1800 K (1526.9 °C) and boil at not measured.
镄 has no stable isotope, so it has no standard atomic weight. The figure quoted, 257, is the mass number of its longest-lived known isotope.
镄 is predicted to have a density of about 9.7 g/cm³, though no sample large enough to weigh has ever been made. Water is 1.0 g/cm³ for comparison.
镄 has a Pauling electronegativity of 1.3. The scale runs from 0.70 (francium, the least greedy for electrons) to 3.98 (fluorine, the most). Values in this middle band tend to form covalent rather than strongly ionic bonds.
镄 was discovered in 1952 by Ghiorso et al.. It is named after enrico Fermi.
镄 does not occur naturally on Earth in any meaningful quantity — it is made in a reactor or an accelerator.
Yes. 镄 has no stable isotope — every one of its nuclei decays. It does not occur in usable quantities in nature and must be synthesised.