What is 氢?
氢 (symbol H) is element 1 on the periodic table, a 非金属 in period 1, group 1. The simplest atom there is — one proton, one electron — and about 90% of every atom in the universe. At room temperature it is a gas.
结构
这不是环上点阵的示意图,而是对每个已占据子层实际概率密度|ψ|²进行蒙特卡洛采样的结果。拖动即可旋转。蓝色和紫色表示波函数的相反符号,这正是成键成为可能的原因。
测量值
每个条形图都显示氢在全部118种元素中该性质的排名位置。
来源:IUPAC 2021 标准原子量 ·《CRC 化学与物理手册》· NIST。标有 ~ 的数值是预测值,而非测量值。
按比例显示的大小
Radius 53 pm — that is 0.053 nm, so about 9434 million of them side by side would span a millimetre.
热范围
氢 is liquid over a 6 K window, from 14 K to 20 K.
故事
氢是宇宙中最简单、丰度最高的元素,约占所有普通物质的75%。氢只有一个质子和一个电子,是所有其他元素在恒星内部形成的基本构成单位。
在标准条件下,氢以无色、无味、无嗅的双原子气体(H₂)存在。它是最轻的元素,密度比空气小14倍,因此充氢气球会迅速上升。氢在极低温度-253°C(-423°F)时变为液态,在-259°C(-434°F)时变为固态。
氢表现出独特的化学行为,根据反应条件不同,既可作为还原剂,也可作为氧化剂。它容易与非金属形成共价键,与活泼金属形成离子化合物。H-H键能为436 kJ/mol,使H₂相对稳定,大多数反应都需要活化能。
氕(¹H):丰度为99.985%——没有中子的“普通”氢
氘(²H或D):丰度为0.015%——含有一个中子的“重氢”,用于核聚变
氚(³H或T):痕量——具有放射性,含有两个中子,半衰期为12.3年
应用
处理
易燃气体——极高火灾危险
气体泄漏:
火灾:
低温暴露:
快速回答
氢 (symbol H) is element 1 on the periodic table, a 非金属 in period 1, group 1. The simplest atom there is — one proton, one electron — and about 90% of every atom in the universe. At room temperature it is a gas.
1s¹, giving 1 occupied shell holding 1 electrons respectively.氢 melts at 14 K (-259.1 °C) and boils at 20.3 K (-252.9 °C).
The standard atomic weight of 氢 is 1.008 u. That is a weighted average across its naturally occurring isotopes, which is why it is rarely a whole number.
氢 is a gas at room temperature; its density is about 0.09 g/L at 0 °C and 1 atm — roughly lighter than air.
氢 has a Pauling electronegativity of 2.2. The scale runs from 0.70 (francium, the least greedy for electrons) to 3.98 (fluorine, the most). Values in this middle band tend to form covalent rather than strongly ionic bonds.
氢 was discovered in 1766 by Henry Cavendish. It is named after greek hydro + genes, "water-former".
氢 makes up about 0.14% of the Earth's crust — common enough to be mined at scale.